Motion detection in medical systems

ABSTRACT

In a medical system, at least one medically operative member ( 10, 12, 100 ) is configured to interact with or acquire data from a subject ( 74 ) disposed in an examination region. An array of photosensors ( 70, 170 ) is disposed on the at least one medically operative member. The array of photosensors is arranged to view the examination region. A position-determining member ( 82, 82   a,    82   b ) is configured to determine a position of at least one optically detectable marker ( 72, 172 ) disposed with the subject in the examination region based on light from the at least one optically detectable marker sensed by the array of photosensors.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/955,076 filed Aug. 10, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The following relates to the medical imaging, radiation therapy, and related arts. In some embodiments it relates to gamma camera systems, and is described with illustrative reference thereto. However, the following will find application in substantially any type of medical imaging system such as gamma cameras, positron emission tomography (PET) systems, magnetic resonance (MR) systems, or so forth in order to provide dynamic information regarding subject position or motion. The following will further find application in substantially any type of medical therapy system, such as radiation therapy systems, in which accurate dynamic knowledge of subject position or motion is advantageous.

It is advantageous for a patient to remain stationary during certain medical procedures, such as medical imaging, radiation therapy, and so forth. In practice, however, the patient may move, and in some cases must move, during the procedure. For example, the patient must breath during any procedure that takes more than a minute or so to perform. For longer procedures, there is a likelihood that the patient may shift his or her position at some point during the procedure due to fatigue, nervousness, or so forth. The likelihood of patient movement generally increases with increased duration of the procedure, and is also enhanced in the case of children and frail adults. Patient motion can be reduced, but not eliminated, through the use of patient restraints. However, most patients do not like to be placed into such restraints.

Recognizing a possibility of patient movement, one remedial approach is to compensate for the patient movement. Doing so entails determining patient position during the medical procedure. Some known approaches indirectly determine patient position, for example by using pressure transducers disposed on or in a belt around the patient to detect respiration. These indirect approaches generally entail some sort of modeling or other data transformation in order to extract a patient position estimate.

Another approach is to use cameras to monitor the patient during the procedure. For example, R. D. Beach et al., “Feasibility of stereo-infrared tracking to monitor patient motion during cardiac SPECT imaging”, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. vol. 51, pp. 2693-2698 (2004) discloses a method employing a plurality of cameras that monitor the patient. Reflective markers are disposed on the patient, and images acquired by the cameras are analyzed by stereoscopic image processing techniques to determine the positions of the reflective markers. This approach has the advantage of being a more direct measurement of patient position, and the reflecting spheres can be made small and compact and are generally not discomforting to the patient.

However, using cameras to monitor the patient is not feasible if the patient, or the portion of the patient which is of interest, is occluded from view. A gamma camera, for example, is typically operated with its detector heads located conformally as close as practicable to the patient during imaging, thus substantially occluding from view the portion of the patient that is of interest. Similarly, the imaged portion of a patient disposed in the bore of a magnetic resonance (MR) scanner or positron emission tomography (PET) scanner is substantially occluded from view by the scanner. The stereoscopic camera system also occupies a substantial amount of valuable space, and in interventional procedures medical personnel must take care not to block the cameras' view of the patient.

The following provides improvements, which overcome the above-referenced problems and others.

In some embodiments disclosed herein as illustrative examples, a position measurement system is disclosed, comprising: an array of photosensors configured to be disposed on a medically operative member configured to interact with or acquire data from a subject disposed in an examination region, the array of photosensors arranged to view the examination region; and a position-determining member configured to determine a position of an optically detectable marker disposed with the subject in the examination region based on light from the optically detectable marker sensed by the array of photosensors.

In some embodiments disclosed herein as illustrative examples, a medical system is disclosed, comprising: at least one medically operative member configured to interact with or acquire data from a subject disposed in an examination region; an array of photosensors disposed on the at least one medically operative member, the array of photosensors arranged to view the examination region; and a position-determining member configured to determine a position of at least one optically detectable marker disposed with the subject in the examination region based on light from the at least one optically detectable marker sensed by the array of photosensors.

In some embodiments disclosed herein as illustrative examples, a position measurement method is disclosed, comprising: detecting at least one optically detectable marker disposed on a subject in an examination region using photosensors disposed on a medically operative member configured to interact with or acquire data from the subject in the examination region; and determining at least one optical marker position corresponding to the at least one optically detectable marker based on the detecting.

One advantage resides in providing a position-determining system for determining patient position during a medical procedure.

Another advantage resides in providing a position-determining system for determining patient position during a medical procedure in which a medically operative member substantially occludes from view at least a relevant portion of the patient.

Another advantage resides in providing a position-determining system for determining patient motion during a medical procedure.

Still further advantages of the present invention will be appreciated to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading and understand the following detailed description.

The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments, and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.

FIG. 1 diagrammatically shows a perspective view of a gamma camera system including a sub-system for determining patient position and movement.

FIG. 2 diagrammatically shows a sectional view of one of the detector heads of the gamma camera system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 diagrammatically shows a sectional view of the gamma camera system of FIG. 1 in which the position-determining sub-system includes photosensors with wide viewing angle, and the position-determining member includes Anger-type logic electronics.

FIG. 4 diagrammatically shows a sectional view of the gamma camera system of FIG. 1 in which the position-determining sub-system includes photosensors with narrow viewing angle so as to define optical projection data, and the position-determining member including back-projection electronics.

FIG. 5 diagrammatically shows a sectional view of the gamma camera system of FIG. 1 in which the position-determining sub-system includes photosensors disposed behind the detector head collimator so as to define optical projection data, and the position-determining member including back-projection electronics.

FIG. 6 diagrammatically shows a sectional view of a magnetic resonance scanning system including a sub-system for determining patient position and movement.

With reference to FIG. 1, an illustrated gamma camera system includes two radiation detector heads 10, 12. In other embodiments, the gamma camera may include one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more detector heads. The radiation detector heads 10, 12 have respective radiation-sensitive faces 14, 16, which are generally arranged during operation to face a patient support or pallet 18. The illustrated detector heads 10, 12 are supported by respective articulated, multi-jointed robotic arms 20, 22 that each include a combination of electronically controllable translational, rotational, swivel, or other mechanical joints that cooperatively or collectively enable several degrees of movement freedom, such as radial movement of the detector heads 10, 12 toward or away from the patient couch 18, tangential movement of the heads in a direction transverse to the radial movement, circumferential movement, or so forth. Camera electronics 24 power and control the articulated robotic arms 20, 22 and the detector heads 10, 12, and acquire radiation detection information from the detector heads 10, 12. The camera electronics 24 are optionally coupled with a video monitor 26 for displaying information about the status and operation of the gamma camera. The camera electronics 24 include a robotic controller 28 that is operable by a hand controller 30 in a manual mode to manipulate the detector heads 10, 12 using the robotic arms 20, 22, and is operable by suitable control algorithms implemented by the controller 28 to move one or both detector heads 10, 12 along predetermined paths or trajectories. For example, in cardiac imaging the two detector heads 10, 12 are typically positioned 90° apart around the subject support 18. In some embodiments, the illustrated gamma camera including the radiation detectors 10, 12, patient support 18, robotic arms 20, 22, camera electronics 24, and video display 26 is suitably embodied by the Skylight™ nuclear camera (available from Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands), although other gamma cameras can be used.

With continuing reference to FIG. 1 and with further reference to FIG. 2, each detector head 10, 12 includes a collimator 42 mounted on the radiation-sensitive face 14, 16. The collimator 42 is in some embodiments a pinhole, honeycomb, or other type of collimator made of radiation absorbing material and having pinholes, openings, or filled radiation transmissive regions that collimate incoming radiation in a direction generally transverse to the generally planar radiation-sensitive face 14, 16. In some embodiments, the collimator may be omitted, for example if the detector head is being used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The illustrated detector heads 10, 12 each further include an array of radiation detectors 44. The illustrated radiation detectors 44 include one or more scintillators 46 optically coupled with a plurality of photomultiplier tubes 48 arranged to view the one or more scintillators 46. The photomultiplier tubes 48 are optionally replaced by another type of light sensor, such as an array of photodiodes. The term “light” as used herein encompasses visible light and also invisible ultraviolet or infrared light. The outputs of the photomultiplier tubes 48 are input to electronics, for example disposed on a printed circuit board 50. Instead of the scintillator-based radiation detectors 44, a plurality of radiation sensitive elements, such as, for example, solid state cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) based detectors, can be used to directly absorb radiation and output an electrical signal responsive thereto.

To acquire tomographic imaging data, the robotic controller 28 manipulates the detector heads 10, 12 using the robotic arms 20, 22 to move the detector heads 10, 12 around a subject disposed on the patient support or pallet 18. In planar imaging, the detector heads 10, 12 are not moved around the subject, but may optionally be moved linearly to scan a desired field of view. The detector heads 10, 12 collect tomographic, planar, or other imaging data that are stored in an imaging data memory 60. For example, the imaging data may be projection data in the case of SPECT imaging, or line-of-response data if the gamma camera is being used in a PET imaging mode, or so forth. A reconstruction member 62 applies a suitable reconstruction algorithm, such as a filtered backprojection reconstruction algorithm, an iterative reconstruction algorithm, or so forth, to compute a reconstructed image from the collected imaging data. The reconstruction member 62 is typically embodied as electronics such as a processor or controller executing a reconstruction algorithm; however, the reconstruction member 62 may be otherwise embodied, for example as an analog, digital, or mixed application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) electronics operating alone or in conjunction with a controller or processor. The reconstructed image is stored in an image memory 64, and may be displayed on the display of a user interface 66, or stored for later retrieval in an electronic, magnetic, or optical memory, or transmitted via a local area network or the Internet, or processed by post-reconstruction image processing, or otherwise utilized. In the illustrated embodiment, the user interface 66 also provides user interfacing with the camera electronics 24. In other embodiments, the video monitor 26, hand controller 30, or another user interfacing device may be used instead of or in addition to the user interface 66 to provide user interfacing with the camera electronics 24.

The gamma camera described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 is an illustrative example. More generally, the position sensing apparatuses and methods disclosed herein can be practiced with substantially any type of gamma camera. For example, it can be used in conjunction with gamma cameras having a larger number of smaller detector heads. In some embodiments, the robotic arms 20, 22 are replaced by a ring gantry 20′ (drawn in phantom in FIG. 1) that supports the detector heads 10, 12. In these embodiments, the ring gantry 20′ includes a rotatable gantry portion supporting the heads 10, 12 so as to enable revolving of the heads 10, 12 around the couch 18, and gamma detector head mounting fixtures (not shown) provide for radial and tangential movement of the detector heads. Still further, the position sensing apparatuses and methods disclosed herein can be practiced with other medically operative members such as a magnetic resonance scanner, a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner including a ring of detectors, a radiotherapy system, or so forth.

Having described the gamma camera illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 as an example application, illustrative position-determining system embodiments are now described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 and with further reference to FIGS. 3-5. The illustrated position-determining systems make use of optically detectable markers disposed on the subject and photosensor arrays disposed on the detector heads 10, 12. This configuration advantageously places the photosensor arrays close to the subject during the imaging, and as will be disclosed herein accurate position determination is readily obtained based on light sensed by a plurality of photosensors. Moreover, since the photosensor arrays are mounted on the detector heads 10, 12, the same spatial frame-of-reference is employed for both the gamma camera imaging and the position determining system, and accordingly relative positional misalignment between the radiation detector heads and the photosensor arrays is not an issue.

With continuing reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 and with further reference to FIG. 3, each detector head 10, 12 further includes a generally planar array of photosensors 70 disposed on its respective radiation-sensitive face 14, 16. One or more optically detectable markers 72 are disposed with a subject 74 placed in the examination region of the gamma camera for imaging. The optically detectable markers 72 can be light emitting diodes (LEDs), reflective markers or phosphorescent markers operating in conjunction with ambient or externally applied light, or so forth, and are disposed with the subject, that is, on the subject directly or indirectly. For example, the optically detectable markers 72 may be disposed indirectly on the subject by being disposed on electrocardiographic leads attached to the subject, or on clothing worn by the subject, or otherwise disposed with the subject. In some embodiments, it is contemplated for the optically detectable markers to be sewn into or otherwise attached with clothing that is worn by the subject. For accurate position determination, it is advantageous for the clothing in such a case to be relatively tight-fitting, that is, tight enough to avoid sagging. The generally planar array of photosensors 70 can be pixelated large-area detectors manufactured using amorphous silicon technology, large-area charge coupled device (CCD) arrays, or so forth.

Some suitable amorphous silicon-based photosensor arrays are described, for example, in Schiebel et al., “Fluoroscopic x-ray imaging with amorphous silicon thin-film arrays”, SPIE vol. 2163 Physics of Medical Imaging (1994) pp. 129-140. The arrays described in Schiebel et al. are coated with a CsI:Tl scintillation layer and an optional white powder reflective light trapping layer to make them sensitive to x-rays. For the present application, the CsI:Tl and white powder layers are suitably omitted, and the optically detectable markers 72 and the array of photosensors 70 are selected for compatibility, that is, the array of photosensors 70 should be sensitive to light emanating from the optically detectable markers 72. The array of photosensors is optionally coated with a phosphor layer, wavelength-selective reflecting or absorbing layer, or other layer configured to enhance sensitivity to light emitted by, reflected by, or otherwise emanating from the optically detectable markers 72. As noted previously, the term “light” as used in this application encompasses both visible light and invisible infrared or ultraviolet light. With the CsI:Tl layer omitted, the pixelated amorphous silicon photosensor array layer is substantially transmissive for 511 keV gamma rays detected in PET imaging and for radiation emitted by typical radiopharmaceuticals used in SPECT imaging. Accordingly, placement of the thin array of photosensors 70 between the examination region and the array of radiation detectors 44 is not problematic. The amorphous silicon thin-film photosensor arrays of Schiebel et al. are suitably used on thin plastic sheets, glass, or another base material.

With reference to FIG. 1, for determining the positions of one or more optically detectable markers 72 a spatial resolution on the order of between about 0.2 millimeters and 20 millimeters is typically sufficient, although higher or lower resolutions are also contemplated depending upon the application. Optical data collected by the arrays of photosensors 70 on the radiation-sensitive faces 14, 16 of the detector heads 10, 12 are temporarily stored in an optical data buffer 80, and are processed by a position-locating member 82 to generate optical marker positions 84 for the one or more optically detectable markers 72. Typically, the position-locating member 82 is embodied as electronics such as a processor or controller executing a position-determining algorithm. However, the position-locating member 82 may be otherwise embodied, for example as an analog, digital, or mixed ASIC electronics operating alone or in conjunction with a controller or processor. The generated optical marker positions 84 are suitably used by the image reconstruction member 62 to adjust at least one of the collected data and the reconstructed image based on subject position inferred from the optical marker positions 84. For example, reconstructed images acquired at different times can be spatially registered by translating, stretching, shrinking, or otherwise transforming the images such that the marker positions are aligned. Alternatively, the imaging data and reconstructed images may be left unadjusted, but subsequent diagnostic information derived from the images may be adjusted based on patient motion known from the generated optical marker positions 84, or certain imaging data or reconstructed images may be discarded based on problematic patient motion identified based on the generated optical marker positions 84.

In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the photosensors of the array of photosensors 70 are disposed “on top of” the collimator 42. The photosensors of the array of photosensors 70 in the embodiment of FIG. 3 have viewing angles effective for a plurality of substantially contiguous photosensors of the array of photosensors 70 to simultaneously sense light from a given optically detectable marker. For example, in FIG. 3 a contiguous group CG of photosensors of the array of photosensors 70 detect light L from a nearby one of the optically detectable markers 72. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the position-determining member 82 includes Anger-type logic electronics 82 a that use a centroiding or “Anger-type” logic to determine the position of the nearby optically detectable marker based on relative sensed light intensities of the photosensors of the contiguous group of photosensors CG that sense light from the nearby optically detectable marker. Conventional Anger logic is typically used in conjunction with the arrays of photomultiplier tubes 48 of a detector head 10, 12 (see FIG. 2) to localize a radiation event on the radiation-sensitive face 14, 16 of the detector head.

For the optical application of FIG. 3, however, it is additionally desired to estimate the distance between the nearby one of the optically detectable markers 72 and the centroid of detection on the array of photosensors 70. (Mathematically, this amounts to estimating the smallest distance between a point in space corresponding to the optically detectable marker and a plane corresponding to the array of photosensors 70). The Anger-type logic electronics 82 a suitably estimate this distance based on the absolute sensed light intensities (higher intensity corresponding to a closer marker) and/or based on the size of the contiguous group of sensing photosensors CG (larger group size corresponding to a more distant marker). The former approach is computationally straightforward, and can be implemented for example as a look-up table relating absolute intensity (integrated over the contiguous group CG of sensing photosensors, or alternatively the absolute intensity at the centroid of the detecting contiguous group CG) with distance. The latter approach advantageously is not based on absolute intensity value, and can provide an accurate distance estimate based on a known relative sensitivity-versus-angle profile for the photosensors. For example, assuming an abrupt cutoff angle for the photosensors of “θ” measured off of the array normal, if the contiguous group CG is circular with a radius of “x” then the distance “d” can be estimated from the relationship tan(θ)=d/x.

With reference to FIG. 4, in another embodiment the viewing angle of the photosensors of the array of photosensors 70 is limited or collimated by the use of an optical collimator 90. In some embodiments, the optical collimator 90 is embodied as a pair of crossed micro-laminated optical filters such as Vikuiti™ films (available from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.). However, in general any planar collimator that is substantially transmissive for radiation detected by the detector heads 10, 12 is suitable.

Because of the collimation, light sensed by the generally planar array of photosensors 70 defines optical projection data (indicated in FIG. 4 by dashed lines). If two non-parallel planar arrays of photosensors 70 on different detector heads detect the same one of the optically detectable markers 72, then the optically detectable marker is suitably located at the intersection of the optical projections. Thus, the position-determining member 82 can determine the position of the optically detectable marker based on an intersection of optical projections acquired by the two arrays of photosensors 70. However, as seen in FIG. 4 complexity can arise since it is possible for projections to intersect at places where there is no optically detectable marker. (It should be noted that the two-dimensional rendering of FIG. 4 makes such inadvertent intersections appear much more likely than they actually are in three-dimensional space, where inadvertent intersections will be relatively rare for a small number of optically detectable markers 72).

In some embodiments, this complexity is addressed by the position-determining member 82 being embodied as back-projection electronics 82 b that determine the position of the optically detectable markers based on intersections of optical projections by using known backprojection algorithms (or variants such as filtered backprojection, iterative backprojection, or so forth) such as are optionally employed by the reconstruction member 62 to reconstruct SPECT projection data. In another approach, inadvertent intersections are detected based on continuity—as an optically detectable marker moves the corresponding intersection will track it continuously in space and time, whereas an inadvertent intersection of projections will generally be an abrupt event that will disappear once either of the markers generating the inadvertent intersection move.

With reference to FIG. 5, in another embodiment the generally planar array of photosensors 70 of each detector head 10, 12 is disposed “behind” the collimator 42 and in “front” of the array of radiation detectors 44 (see FIG. 2). In other words, the collimator 42 is positioned between the generally planar array of photosensors 70 and the examination region, and the generally planar array of photosensors 70 is positioned between the array of radiation detectors 44 and the collimator 42. In this way, the collimator 42 provides collimation for both radiation of interest (that is, radiation emitted from the subject and detected by the detector heads 10, 12 to generate imaging data) and light from the one or more optically detectable markers 72 such that radiation of interest detected by the radiation-sensitive face 14, 16 defines projection data and light sensed by the generally planar array of photosensors 70 defines optical projection data. The position-determining member 82 is suitably the same as in the embodiment of FIG. 4, such as for example the illustrated backprojection electronics 82 b configured to reconstruct the optical projection data to determine the position of the one or more optically detectable markers 72 disposed with the subject 74. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, if a cosmetic cover (not shown) is disposed over the collimator 42, then it should be substantially transparent for light emanating from the optically detectable markers 72.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 4, an issue can arise if the collimator 42 is removable. In some gamma camera systems, the collimators 42 of the detector heads 10, 12 are removable to enable swapping of collimators for different applications. For example, a collimator with relatively larger openings may provide a higher number of radiation counts (effectively translating to higher signal level)) at the expense of reduced collimation and concomitant loss of resolution. A collimator with relatively smaller openings, on the other hand, provides greater collimation and higher resolution, but may reduce the number of received radiation counts. In the embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 4, the generally planar array of photosensors 70 is mounted on the collimator 42—accordingly, if the collimator 42 is removable then there is preferably a detachable electrical connector (not shown) provided to selectively electrically connect the generally planar array of photosensors 70 with the printed circuit board 50 or other detector head electronics. For example, mating connector parts can be disposed on the collimator 42 and on the detector head such that when the collimator 42 is mounted to the detector head the electrical connection is automatically effectuated. In other embodiments, a manual electrical connection is provided, and the radiologist or other operator intervenes to electrically connect the generally planar array of photosensors 70.

With reference to FIGS. 1-5, illustrative embodiments have been described in which the medically operative member is a gamma camera and the array or arrays of photosensors 70 is or are disposed on a radiation-sensitive face or faces of the detector head or heads. More generally, the disclosed position-determining systems are useful in conjunction with substantially any type of medically operative member that substantially occludes from view at least the relevant portion of the subject with which the at least one medically operative member is configured to interact or from which the at least one medically operative member is configured to acquire data. The disclosed position-determining systems are also useful in conjunction with substantially any type of medically operative member that is configured to move respective to the subject during operation of the medically operative member. In such latter cases, the array of photosensors can be advantageously be disposed on the at least one medically operative member so as to move in fixed relative spatial relationship with the at least one medically operative member during operation of the medically operative member. As some additional illustrative examples, the medically operative member can be: (i) a magnetic resonance (MR) scanner, the array of photosensors being disposed on a bore of the MR scanner; (ii) a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner, the array of photosensors being disposed on a bore of the PET scanner; or (iii) a radiation therapy system, the array of photosensors being disposed on or in fixed spatial relation with a radiation emissive member of the radiation therapy system.

With reference to FIG. 6, an example is described in which the medically operative member is a magnetic resonance (MR) scanner 100 including a main magnet 101 housed by a housing 102 to generate a static (B₀) magnetic field in a bore 104 of the housing 102. In some embodiments, the magnet 101 is a superconducting magnet that is disposed in a cryogenic shroud 106. In other embodiments, a resistive magnet is used and the shroud is optionally omitted. A set of magnetic field gradient windings 108 are disposed on or in the housing 102 to superimpose selected magnetic field gradients on the static (B₀) magnetic field. One or more radio frequency coils are provided to excite and detect magnetic resonance, such as an illustrated whole body birdcage-type radio frequency coil 110 mounted on or in the housing 102, and/or one or more local radio frequency coils (not shown) disposed in the bore 104 near a region of interest of the subject 74. The excited and detected magnetic resonance signals are suitably spatially encoded by magnetic field gradients generated by the gradient coil windings 108 to enable reconstruction of an image from the spatially encoded magnetic resonance signals.

The region to be imaged is preferably substantially centered in the bore 104, at which bore center the static (B₀) magnetic field and applied magnetic field gradients are typically most uniform. The portion of the subject 74 near the center of the bore 104 is typically substantially occluded from view by the magnetic resonance scanner. Thus, camera-based position-determining systems are difficult or impossible to use in this setting.

Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 6, an array of photosensors 170 is disposed on an inner surface of the generally cylindrical bore 104 so as to view the examination region in the bore 104, and one or more optically detectable markers 172, such as LEDs, reflective spheres, or so forth, are disposed with the portion of the subject 74 to be imaged, that is, directly or indirectly on the subject. For example, the optically detectable markers 172 in some embodiments may be disposed on a local radio frequency coil (not shown) that in turn is disposed on or secured to the subject 74. The array of photosensors 170 is suitably an amorphous silicon-based photosensor array such as is described, for example, in Schiebel et al., or an array of CCD devices, or so forth. The illustrated array of photosensors 170 is a generally annular array encircling the subject 74, thus advantageously providing 360° viewing. In other embodiments, a hemispherical or otherwise-shaped array of photosensors may be used. In embodiments in which the photosensors are amorphous silicon-based and the substrate is a flexible plastic material, the illustrated annular array can be constructed using annular sheets of photosensor arrays. On the other hand, if a rigid substrate such as glass is used, then the annular array of photosensors 170 can be constructed of a plurality of adjacent planar segments arranged to approximate an annular shape. The array of photosensors 170 and the one or more optically detectable markers 172 are made of non-magnetic materials such as amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide or other group III-arsenide materials, gallium nitride or other group III-nitride materials, or so forth. Both plastic and glass substrates can be made suitably non-magnetic.

The position-determining system employing the array of photosensors 170 and the one or more optically detectable markers 172 can be operated similarly to the corresponding systems mounted on a gamma camera described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. For example, wide viewing angle photosensors can be used in conjunction with the Anger-type logic electronics 82 a analogous to the gamma camera embodiments described with reference to FIG. 3, or collimated photosensors can be used in conjunction with backprojection electronics 82 b or another projection-intersection based position locating member analogous to the gamma camera embodiments described with reference to FIG. 4. In the latter case, the annular shape of the array of photosensors 170 advantageously provides a large viewing angle span that facilitates accurate position determination for the one or more optically detectable markers 172.

Gamma camera and magnetic resonance scanner embodiments are illustrated as examples. As another example, the medically operative member can be a PET scanner with a ring of detectors, and the photosensors can be disposed on the detector ring, for example as an annular array of photosensors. Moreover, while the application of tracking subject motion has been described as an illustrative application, the position determining systems and methods disclosed herein can be used for other applications. For example, if the optically detectable markers are kept in place on the subject as the subject is moved from one imaging modality to different imaging modality, and both imaging modalities have suitable photosensors and position-determining members to determine the positions of the optically detectable markers, then this information can be used to spatially register images acquired by the two imaging modalities. For example, if the subject is imaged by both the gamma camera of FIG. 1 and the magnetic resonance scanner of FIG. 6, and the optically detectable markers 72, 172 are identical, then the marker positions determined by the position determining systems of the gamma camera and magnetic resonance scanner can be used to spatially register the SPECT and magnetic resonance images acquired by the gamma camera and magnetic resonance scanner, respectively.

The preferred embodiments have been described. Modifications and alterations may occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof. 

1. A system comprising: a gamma camera including a detector head having a planar radiation-sensitive face including an array of radiation detectors and a collimator; a planar array of photosensors disposed one of (i) between the collimator and the array of radiation detectors, and (ii) on a face of the collimator; and a position-determining member configured to determine a position of an optically detectable marker based on light from the optically detectable marker sensed by the planar array of photosensors.
 2. The system as set forth in claim 1, further comprising: an optically detectable marker.
 3. The system as set forth in claim 2, wherein said optically detectable marker comprises a light emitting marker.
 4. The system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the planar array of photosensors is disposed between the collimator and the planar array of radiation detectors.
 5. The system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the planar array of photosensors is disposed on the face of the collimator.
 6. A medical system comprising: at least one radiation detector configured to acquire data from a subject disposed in an examination region, the at least one radiation detector having a radiation-sensitive face configured to detect radiation of interest from the subject; an array of photosensors disposed on the at least one radiation detector, the array of photosensors arranged to view the examination region, the array of photosensors being generally planar and arranged parallel with the radiation-sensitive face; and a position-determining member configured to determine a position of at least one optically detectable marker disposed with the subject in the examination region based on light from the at least one optically detectable marker sensed by the array of photosensors.
 7. The medical system as set forth in claim 6, further comprising: at least one optically detectable marker comprising a light-emitting marker configured to be disposed with the subject in the examination region.
 8. The medical system as set forth in claim 6, further comprising: at least one optically detectable marker configured to be disposed with the subject in the examination region; a collimator mounted on the radiation-sensitive face of the at least one radiation detector to collimate both radiation of interest and light from the at least one optically detectable marker, the planar array of photosensors being disposed between the collimator and the radiation-sensitive face of the at least one radiation detector such that radiation of interest detected by the radiation-sensitive face defines projection data and light sensed by the generally planar array of photosensors defines optical projection data, the position-determining member comprising electronics configured to reconstruct the optical projection data to determine the position of the at least one optically detectable marker disposed with the subject.
 9. The medical system as set forth in claim 8, wherein the at least one radiation detector comprises a plurality of movable detector heads and the electronics are configured to reconstruct the combined optical projection data from the generally planar arrays of photosensors disposed on the radiation-sensitive faces of the plurality of detector heads.
 10. The medical system as set forth in claim 6, further comprising: a collimating microlaminated optical filter disposed to collimate a viewing angle of the photo sensors such that light sensed by the generally planar array of photosensors defines optical projection data.
 11. The medical system as set forth in claim 6, further including: an optically detectable marker; and wherein the photosensors have a viewing angle effective for a substantially contiguous group of photosensors of the array of photosensors to simultaneously sense light from the optically detectable marker, and the position-determining member comprises: electronics configured to determine the position of the optically detectable marker based on relative light intensities sensed by the substantially contiguous group of photosensors of the array of photosensors.
 12. The medical system as set forth in claim 6, wherein the array of photosensors comprises one or more arrays of amorphous silicon-based photosensors.
 13. The medical system as set forth in claim 6, further comprising: at least one optically detectable marker configured to be disposed with the subject in the examination region; a collimating member disposed between the array of photosensors and the optically detectable marker to collimate a viewing angle of the photosensors such that light sensed by the array of photosensors defines optical projection data, the position-determining member comprising electronics configured to determine the position of the at least one optically detectable marker based on the optical projection data.
 14. The medical system as set forth in claim 6, further including an optically detectable marker and wherein the position-determining member comprises: electronics configured to determine the position of the at least one optically detectable marker based on analysis of light intensities sensed by a contiguous group of photosensors of the array of photosensors.
 15. A medical system comprising: a medical imaging system including a generally cylindrical bore defining an examination region therein and radiation detectors configured to acquire non-optical radiation data from a subject disposed in the bore; at least one optically detectable marker configured to be disposed with the patient in the bore; an array of photosensors disposed on an inner surface of the generally cylindrical bore so as to view the examination region; a position-determining member configured to determine a position of the at least one optically detectable marker disposed with the subject in the bore based on light from the at least one optically detectable marker sensed by the array of photosensors; and an image reconstruction member configured to reconstruct an image from the received non-optical radiation data and the determined positions of the at least one optically detectable marker. 